The study examines whether large language models (LLMs) can perform legally meaningful reasoning by testing OpenAI GPT 5.4 on European Court of Human Rights case forecasting. Using various prompting strategies, the authors find that the model produces structurally complete but substantively shallow analyses, and that LLM-as-a-Judge evaluators are internally consistent yet only weakly aligned with human annotators. The expert-curated prompt yields more comprehensive reasoning but does not improve prediction accuracy, leading the authors to caution against relying solely on automated LLM evaluation or using task accuracy as a proxy for reasoning quality.
By Amogh Raina, Ilias Chalkidis, Daniel Hershcovich, Henrik Palmer Olsen
arXiv:2606. 23716v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Legal AI benchmark research frequently invokes the assumption that large language models can improve access to justice, including for people who cannot access lawyers in order to understand and exercise their legal rights.
By Andrew Lou, David Shin
arXiv:2608.28593v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: With the increasing development of AI regulatory frameworks, ensuring that artificial intelligence systems, particularly generative models, operate in...
By Cindy Delage, St\'ephane Canu, Marc D\'ecombas, Jonathan Foureur
arXiv:2605. 28183v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We introduce the BenGER (Benchmark for German Law) dataset for evaluating LLM systems on subsumption-based legal reasoning in German law.
By Sebastian Nagl, Ann-Kristin Mayrhofer, Martin Heidebach, Aleyna Ko\c{c}ak, Anne Zettelmeier, Elly Breu, Angelina Greiner, Sofija Milijas, Matthias Grabmair
arXiv:2606.09389v2 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to real-world legal tasks, evaluating the reliability of their open-ended legal responses...
By Yifan Chen, Haitao Li, Yiran Hu, Kaisong Song, Jun Lin, Yueyue Wu, Qingyao Ai, Min Zhang, Yiqun Liu
arXiv:2609.22529v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: International law provides the normative framework through which states coordinate action, regulate armed conflict, and protect human rights, yet its t...
By Genis Skura, Roland Bouffanais, Didier Wernli