arXiv AI By Carlos Pel\'aez-Gonz\'alez, Francisco Herrera, Andr\'es Herrera-Poyatos

Statistical Detection of Positional Bias in LLM-Based Recommender Systems: Methodologies and Empirical Evidence

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The paper investigates positional bias in large language model (LLM)–based recommender systems that use retrieval‑augmented generation (RAG). It introduces two statistical detection methods—POB‑ICM and POB‑UNBP—to test whether the recommended item depends on the order of candidates in the prompt. Experiments on a product‑recommendation testbed with 40,000 instances show that all evaluated state‑of‑the‑art models exhibit significant positional bias, quantified by new metrics such as permutation sensitivity and strong positional bias, and that this bias is structural and model‑dependent rather than an artifact of decoding or candidate‑set size.

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