Relative Discharge Stage (RDS) Classification: A Practical Indicator of Battery Discharge Progress

The paper introduces Relative Discharge Stage (RDS), a battery‑management indicator that classifies remaining discharge condition into five interpretable classes—Normal, Good, Moderate, Low, and Recharge Required—without needing future load information. It combines physics‑based SOC estimation with a lightweight temporal convolutional network that processes measured current, voltage, temperature, and SOC over a sliding window. Experiments on two public lithium‑ion datasets show RDS classification accuracy above 80% across varied load and thermal conditions.

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