arXiv Machine Learning By Andrea Giuseppe Di Francesco, Rishabh Jain, Franco Maria Nardini, Nicola Tonellotto, Pietro Li\`o, Fabrizio Silvestri

On the Token Collapse Phenomenon in Textual Graph Soft Prompting

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The paper investigates graph soft prompting, where a graph neural network generates graph-specific tokens for large language model prompts. It identifies a problem called token collapse, in which these tokens become nearly identical across different inputs, rendering them ineffective at conveying graph information. The authors show that even simple constant prompts can match or outperform collapsed tokens, and propose a two‑stage method to produce more varied tokens while maintaining performance.

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arXiv Machine Learning
Sep 4

LLM as GNN: Graph Vocabulary Learning for Text-Attributed Graph Foundation Models

The paper introduces PromptGFM, a Graph Foundation Model designed for text‑attributed graphs (TAGs). It integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) through a Graph Understanding Module that prompts LLMs to emulate GNN workflows, and a Graph Inference Module that creates a language‑based graph vocabulary for better alignment and scalability. Experiments show PromptGFM outperforms existing methods and transfers effectively across various graphs and tasks.

By Xi Zhu, Haochen Xue, Ziwei Zhao, Wujiang Xu, Jingyuan Huang, Minghao Guo, Qifan Wang, Kaixiong Zhou, Imran Razzak, Yongfeng Zhang