The paper defines and classifies "Polluted Chinese" (PoC) tokens—Chinese tokens in GPT vocabularies that correspond to pornographic or gambling content. It develops a detector by fine‑tuning an LLM to label such tokens using semantics and search‑engine references, then uses token appearance to speculate on training‑data contamination. Experiments across GPT and 23 other LLMs show widespread PoC tokens, with GPT’s vocabulary containing over 40% long Chinese tokens linked to porn or gambling, and the method is validated on datasets like C4 and Pile.
By Qingjie Zhang, Di Wang, Haoting Qian, Liu Yan, Tianwei Zhang, Ke Xu, Qi Li, Minlie Huang, Hewu Li, Han Qiu
arXiv:2604. 14180v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We train a 318M-parameter Transformer language model from scratch on a curated corpus of 1.
By Jiuting Chen, Yuan Lian, Hao Wu, Tianqi Huang, Hiroshi Sasaki, Makoto Kouno, Jongil Choi
arXiv:2609.37594v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Uncertainty estimates tell us how unsure a model is, but not why. Without knowing which parts of an input influences a model's uncertainty, we cannot t...
By David Achara, Maryam Sultana, Alexander D. Rast, Fabio Cuzzolin
The paper introduces a pairwise difference learning (PDL) approach for classification, where a model predicts the outcome difference between two instances and uses these predictions to classify a query instance by averaging over training examples. It presents a meta‑learning technique tailored to this setting and tackles uncertainty quantification by decomposing total uncertainty into aleatoric and epistemic components, extending these measures to PDL. Extensive empirical studies evaluate both predictive accuracy and the model’s awareness of uncertainty.
By Mohamed Karim Belaid, Maximilian Rabus, Eyke H\"ullermeier
arXiv:2602. 22221v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Search engines and AI-powered systems increasingly mediate access to factual information, yet their reliability remains difficult to evaluate in realistic information-seeking settings.
By Geng Liu, Li Feng, Mengxiao Zhu, Francesco Pierri
The paper investigates Mandarin Chinese reduplicative constructions that repeat two-character base words or their constituents, such as expressions meaning ‘in good health’ or ‘discuss a bit’. Using Tencent word embeddings, the study demonstrates that distributional semantics can recover known semantic and grammatical properties of these reduplications, revealing clear semantic and pragmatic differentiation between the two patterns. Procrustes analysis shows that the overall organization of the base-word space is largely preserved in the reduplication space, with local mismatches indicating discourse-pragmatic reorganization.
By Chaoyi Wu, Yu-Hsiang Tseng, R. Harald Baayen