arXiv Machine Learning September 15, 2026 By Ashfaq Ali Shafin, Khandaker Mamun Ahmed

Not All Duplicates Are Coordination: Generic vs. Non-Generic Duplicate Campaigns in Information Operations

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The study examines how duplicate content is used to detect coordination in social media information operations. It distinguishes between generic, low‑information duplicates and non‑generic, more specific duplicates, labeling 187,000 tweets with an LLM‑assisted protocol and supervised classifiers. Results show that generic duplicates are rare with lexical matching but comprise nearly 39% of campaigns identified by embedding methods, and filtering out generic duplicates yields smaller, denser coordination graphs, indicating a more focused structure.

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