arXiv AI By Bojie Li

Incompressible Knowledge Probes: Estimating Black-Box LLM Parameter Counts via Factual Capacity

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arXiv:2604. 24827v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Closed-source frontier labs do not disclose parameter counts.

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arXiv AI
Sep 25

PROOF: Profiling Reliability of Object-Level Facts in Large Language Models

PROOF is a benchmark that profiles the reliability of object-level facts in instruction-tuned language models by converting a frozen Wikidata snapshot into 18,486 English multiple-choice questions grounded in 11,779 semantic facts across 101 classes, 392 properties, and 14 domains. Each question includes an explicit "I don't know" option, a "No correct option" control, and nine controlled formulations, with 1,849 questions designed as no-correct-option traps. The study evaluates 18 open-weight model deployments on 166,374 prompts, revealing wide variability in factual accuracy, sensitivity to wording changes, and the impact of decoder perturbations.

By Andrei Chetvergov, Mikhail Solovev, Timofei Sivoraksha, Stepan Ukolov, Valeriia Kuschenko, Alexander Evseev, Sergey Bolovtsov
arXiv AI
Jun 16

VibeThinker-3B: Exploring the Frontier of Verifiable Reasoning in Small Language Models

arXiv:2606. 16140v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This technical report introduces VibeThinker-3B, a compact dense model with 3B parameters developed to investigate how far verifiable reasoning can be pushed within a strictly small-model regime.

By Sen Xu, Shixi Liu, Wei Wang, Jixin Min, Yingwei Dai, Zhibin Yin, Yirong Chen, Xin Zhou, Junlin Zhang
arXiv AI
Aug 28

Why RAGs Hallucinate: Penalty-Aware Evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems with Knowledge-Gap Canaries

The paper introduces a penalty‑aware evaluation framework for Retrieval‑Augmented Generation (RAG) systems that uses asymmetric scoring, knowledge‑gap canaries, and a failure‑attribution pipeline. Applying this framework to three commercial RAG products and a baseline on SimpleQA‑Verified, the authors find that while overall accuracy is similar across systems, canary violation rates vary dramatically, showing that systems differ more in when they answer than in what they answer. The study demonstrates that penalty‑aware scoring can reorder system rankings and is robust across different penalty settings.

By Alden Do Rosario, Hussein Younes, Felipe Pires