arXiv AI
Oct 9

Constitutional Gating and Deterministic Recovery for Multi-Agent LLM Negotiation: Ablations Against a Stateful Adversarial Gatekeeper

The paper evaluates a three‑part control stack— a 5‑Pillar runtime constitution, a 4‑tier swarm (Director, majority vote, Monitor, hard gate), and Cognitive Annealing—for multi‑agent LLM negotiation against an adversarial Gatekeeper. Experiments with Gemini 2.5 Pro agents and Claude Haiku 4.5 show that the constitution and Director improve framing but not reliability, the Monitor and hard gate do not reduce unlocks, and deterministic recovery via atomic purge and a canonical strike successfully resolves deadlocks while keeping call budgets unchanged. The study demonstrates that the stack can recover from deadlocks without additional model cost, though it does not reduce overall call or token usage as initially hypothesized.

By Masaaki Nakatsu (AO, Inc. / OrbLabs AG), Reno Wang (AO, Inc.)
arXiv AI
Sep 2

Long-Horizon State Tracking in LLMs: Executing MD5 through a Deep Sequence of Dependent Tool Calls

The paper introduces a benchmark for evaluating large language models (LLMs) on long‑horizon state tracking by having them compute the MD5 hash through 196 dependent tool calls across 64 rounds, carrying four 32‑bit words in context. It shows that a mixture‑of‑experts LLM can maintain the full state and produce correct digests in most runs, even when all primitive tools are replaced by another LLM. The study isolates state‑tracking difficulty from instruction interpretation and identifies key factors—contextual reasoning and worker voting—that enable success.

By Dheeraj Mohandas Pai, Lu Xian
arXiv AI
Oct 9

NOMOS: Compiling Written Policies into Statically Verified Tool-Call Gates for LLM Agents

NOMOS is a four‑pass compiler that transforms natural‑language policies into deterministic, statically verified tool‑call gates for large‑language‑model agents. By performing tool‑schema‑level checks without relying on provers, solvers, or additional LLM calls, it repairs or rejects 37% of airline and 13% of retail policy candidates, enabling most shipped rules to become operable. In benchmark tests, the compiled gates reduce policy violations from 66.3% to 2.6% in airline scenarios and from 30.8% to 6.9% in retail, while achieving a zero attack success rate on banking and low rates on other suites, all with microsecond decision times.

By Min-Young Yu, Tony Kim, Jang Won Choi