arXiv Computation and Language By Mingyu Lu, Timothy Ossowski, Tristan Naumann, Hoifung Poon, Peniel Argaw

HERO: Harnessing Evidence for Test-time Refinement and Prompt Optimization in Program Generation

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HERO is a method that improves large language models for program generation by combining offline and test‑time harness optimization. It learns reusable prompt updates from execution‑verified successes and failures, validates candidate revisions before adoption, and then refines each generated code instance using execution feedback. On four SQL, Cypher, and Python benchmarks, HERO achieves the best offline performance, raising pass@1 by 7.6 points over the initial prompt and adding another 2.0 points through test‑time refinement while improving execution efficiency.

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