The paper investigates how continuous random node features affect the expressivity of message‑passing neural networks (MPNNs). It introduces a population‑level framework for size‑uniform approximation, showing that continuous random features can be quantized to finitely many colors with negligible error, allowing transfer of finite‑color distinguishability limits to size‑uniform approximation. The authors prove that such MPNNs are not size‑uniformly universal, analyze expressivity gains from colors and independent trials, establish incomparability with higher‑order Weisfeiler‑Leman methods, and provide finite‑color MPNN constructions for tree subgraph isomorphism and a local minimum spanning tree task.
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