arXiv Computation and Language By Ziyang Ma, Dingyi Zhang, Sichu Liang, Jiajia Chu, Pengfei Xia, Hui Zang, Deyu Zhou

CONCAT: Consensus- and Confidence-Driven Ad Hoc Teaming for Efficient LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems

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CONCAT is a training‑free framework that improves the efficiency of large language model (LLM) based multi‑agent systems by clustering agents according to their initial answers and selecting cluster leaders based on confidence. It uses a Theory‑of‑Mind‑inspired heuristic to predict collaboration benefits between leaders, then prunes communications to form an ad‑hoc network that reduces latency. Experiments on three LLMs and benchmarks show up to 2.02× higher accuracy/latency ratio than LLM‑Debate and a 50.1% latency reduction on Qwen2.5‑14B‑Instruct without task‑specific training.

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