Co-Modifying Application Code and Deployment Infrastructure: A Causal Study of AI Agent Pull Requests

The study evaluates 26,999 pull requests that modify both application code and deployment infrastructure, using two large datasets and six AI agent architectures. It finds that such dual‑scope changes occur in only about 4.5% of agent‑generated PRs but lead to two distinct integration outcomes: either significant delays due to CI/CD and provisioning checks, or a high rate of silent merges with reduced human review. The results highlight that current AI agents lack deployment awareness, causing unverified dependencies to slip into production pipelines.

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• agents
• benchmarks