arXiv AI By Jianlin Chen, Wenhui Chen, Ziyao Lin, Chi Man Vong

A Judge Should Know What Changed:Construct Validity for LLM-as-a-Judge Evaluation

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The paper introduces a two‑dimensional construct validity framework for evaluating large language models (LLMs) as judges, defining invariance (S) and sensitivity (R) to construct‑preserving and construct‑changing edits. Experiments across seven judges and four domains reveal high invariance (average S = 0.945) but low sensitivity (average R = 0.319), with sensitivity varying by edit type. Audits of public label sets show that surface‑only predictors can reproduce a substantial portion of labels, underscoring that high agreement does not guarantee construct validity.

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