The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024, defines a standardized interface for connecting large language models (LLMs) to external tools, data sources, and services. Within months of release, hundreds of community-built MCP servers appeared on GitHub, but no software-maintenance literature has yet described how the ecosystem is being structured in production.
arXiv:2606. 05339v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: MCP (Model Context Protocol) enables LLMs (Large Language Models) to interact with external tools and data sources via a standardized protocol.
By Joshua Owotogbe, Indika Kumara, Willem-Jan van den Heuvel, Damian Andrew Tamburri, Antonio Ken Iannillo, Roberto Natella
arXiv:2608. 08467v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how servers expose data and tools to Large Language Models (LLMs).
By Minhan Cho, Soyoung Park, Kihyeon Jeong, Byeongkyu Jeon, Daejin Choi, Jinyoung Han
arXiv:2607. 10123v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The rapid emergence of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has introduced a new standard for connecting large language models to external tools and services.
By Benny Toeppe, Amine Barrak, Emna Ksontini
arXiv:2606. 04769v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a critical standard empowering Large Language Models (LLMs) to utilize external tools.
By Yutao Shi, Xiaohan Zhang, Xiangjing Zhang, Xihua Shen, Hui Ouyang, Huming Qiu, Mi Zhang, Min Yang
arXiv:2606. 29073v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Model Context Protocol (MCP)-style ecosystems give language-model applications a practical connection layer for tools, resources, prompts, and transports.
By Ting Liu
arXiv:2605. 24248v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how a large-language-model (LLM) agent and an external tool server exchange messages, but not trust: a host reads a server's self-declared tool list and dispatches calls, with no notion of which servers it may use, at what sensitivity, or which of a server's tools are in bounds.
By Alfredo Metere
arXiv:2607. 14642v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers emerge as the core infrastructure for connecting LLMs with external tools, existing benchmarks leverage real-world MCP servers to evaluate LLM agents' tool-using capabilities.
By Huanxi Liu, Kun Hu, Jiaqi Liao, Qiang Wang, Pengfei Qian, YuanZhao Zhai, Dawei Feng, Bo Ding, Huaimin Wang
arXiv:2606. 02470v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a transformative standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external data sources and tools, and has been rapidly adopted across personal applications and development platforms.
By Wenhao Wang, Peizhi Niu, Gongyi Zou, Xiyuan Yang, Jingxing Wang, Haoting Shi, Yaxin Du, Jingyi Chai, Xianghe Pang, Shuo Tang, Yanfeng Wang, Siheng Chen
arXiv:2607. 15593v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: LLM agents increasingly rely on tool calling to act on external systems, and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has quickly become its de facto interface.
By Mingxin Li, Enge Song, Yueshang Zuo, Xiaodong Liu, Rong Wen, Qiang Fu, Gianni Antichi, Jian He, Jing Tie, Zhou Shao, Xiaobo Xue, Xiong Xiao, Luyao Zhong, Shaokai Zhang, Jiangu Zhao, Jianyuan Lu, Shize Zhang, Xiaoqing Sun, Changgang Zheng, Zihao Fan, Haonan Li, Tian Pan, Xiaomin Wu, Yang Song, Xing Li, Biao Lyu, Meng Li, Haipeng Dai, Guihai Chen, Shunmin Zhu
arXiv:2606. 19135v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As large language models (LLMs) advance and multi-agent systems aim to overcome the limits of standalone agents, robust communication protocols are becoming essential infrastructure for distributed agent networks.
By Linus Sander, Habtom Kahsay Gidey, Alexander Lenz, Alois Knoll
Large Language Models (LLMs) are integrated into software systems and AI services, making efficient LLM serving a concern for software engineering. Serving LLMs is challenging because inference requires computation, memory, GPU resources, and execution while maintaining latency and throughput.