Large language models are increasingly deployed as general-purpose educational and technical assistance systems, but their underlying infrastructure does not treat languages equally. One underexamined source of disparity is tokenization: semantically equivalent content can require substantially different token counts across languages, affecting API cost, latency, and usable context length before a model is invoked.
arXiv:2607. 06544v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As Artificial Intelligence (AI) makes inroads into different parts of the Indian subcontinent, there is significant interest in studying how AI impacts the linguistic and cultural foundations of this civilization.
By Aparna Madva, Sharath Srivatsa, Srinath Srinivasa, Tulika Saha
arXiv:2606. 30656v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to be transformative for development, but Africa is currently facing a fragmented and challenging "AI divide".
By Abayomi O. Agbeyangi, Jose M. Lukose
arXiv:2608. 13695v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language model providers routinely cite multilingual safety benchmarks spanning a dozen or more languages as evidence that their models are safe for non-English-speaking users.
By Chialuka Prisca-Mary Onuoha, Bright Etornam Sunu, Rashidat Sikiru
arXiv:2606. 26112v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Low-resource languages face a critical challenge in AI development: creating specialized conversational systems without access to massive training corpora.
By Siddhant Hitesh Mantri, Dhara Gorasiya, Malhar Kulkarni, Pushpak Bhattacharya
arXiv:2608.30092v1 Announce Type: cross
Abstract: We present Arkios, a 1.04B-parameter dense transformer pretrained from scratch on 150B tokens of bilingual English-Nepali text, using a custom single...
By Sajal Regmi, Siddhartha Pudasaini, Chetan Phakami Pun