arXiv AI By Sajad U P

A Robust and Explainable Transformer-Based Framework for Phishing Email Detection

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arXiv:2511. 12085v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Phishing and related cyber threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with email-based phishing remaining the most persistent attack vector.

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arXiv Machine Learning
Sep 18

AURA: Adaptive Uncertainty-Routed Analysis for Email Threat Detection

AURA: Adaptive Uncertainty-Routed Analysis for Email Threat Detection is a multimodal system that evaluates both email content and embedded URLs to detect spam and phishing. It uses a two-layer approach: first, a URL classifier estimates prediction uncertainty, and only messages with high uncertainty are passed to a fine-tuned transformer encoder for deeper semantic analysis. Evaluated on eight diverse training corpora and two real-world datasets covering a decade of attacks, AURA achieves a macro F1-score of 0.9858 in-distribution and maintains scores above 0.94 on the NazPhish-Eval and GuenterTrap-Eval datasets, demonstrating strong generalization to new attack scenarios.

By Omran Berjawi, Walid fahs, Rida Khatoun